Chapter Notes


Chapter 1

1. Fred R. Harris and Lynn A. Curtis, Editors, Locked in the Poorhouse (New York and Lanham: Roman and Littlefield Publishers, 1998).

2. Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, To Establish Justice, To Ensure Domestic Tranquility: A Thirty Year Update of the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence (Washington, DC: Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, 1999).

3. David Callahan, $1 Billion for Ideas: Conservative Think Tanks in the 1990s (Washington, DC: National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy, 1999).

4. Final Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing House, 1968).

5. Ford Foundation, Perspectives on Partnerships, (New York: Ford Foundation, 1996).


Chapter 2

1. Vince Stehle, "Visas of Endless Possibility," Chronicle of Philanthropy, November 2, 1995, p. 59.

2. Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, Youth Investment and Community Reconstruction (Washington, DC: Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, 1990).

3. Lynn A. Curtis and Fred R. Harris, The Millennium Breach: A Thirty Year Update of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (Washington, DC: Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, 1998).

4. Ibid.

5. Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, Youth Investment and Police Mentoring, Second Edition (Washington, DC: Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, 2000).


Chapter 3

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Chapter 4

1. Others also have found these inputs to be important. See, for example, Fund for the City of New York, Groundwork: Building Support for Excellence (New York: Fund for the City of New York, 1994) and Diane Baillargeon Inc., The DeWitt Wallace-Reader’s Digest Management Initiative for New York City Organizations that Serve Youth: Program Overview and Summary of Evaluation Findings (New York: DeWitt Wallace-Reader’s Digest Fund, February, 1998).

2. See Chapter 5, note 4.

3. Fund for the City of New York and Diane Baillargeon, Inc., op.cit.

4. Joy G. Dryfoos, Safe Passage: Making It Through Adolescence in a Risky Society (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).

5. Fund for the City of New York and Diane Baillargeon Inc., op.cit.


Chapter 5

1. Fund for the City of New York and Diane Baillargeon, Inc., op.cit.

2. The two evaluations were:

The full evaluations are available from the Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation on request.

3. Tapes are available from the Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation on request.

4. Here are illustrative ratings from some of our workshops:

A. Overall Ratings for Various Workshop Sessions, September, 1995

(Rating Scale 1-4; 4 is highest)

Fundraising 4.0

Organizational Management/Strategic Planning 3.5

Organizational Management/Seven Habits 3.4

Staff Development 3.8


B. Workshop Session on Fundraising, September, 1996

(Rating Scale 1-5; 1 is highest)

Organization of Presentation 1.8

Knowledge of Subject 1.4

Relevance of Material 1.5

Tailored to Audience 2.3

Presentation of Material 1.8

Facilitating Discussion 1.7

Overall average rating 1.8


C. Workshop Session on Organizational Management, September, 1996

(Rating Scale 1-5; 1 is highest)

Organization of Presentation 1.6

Knowledge of Subject 1.4

Relevance of Material 1.8

Tailored to Audience 1.9

Presentation of Material 1.6

Facilitating Discussion 1.7

Overall average rating 1.7


D. Workshop Session on Staff Development, September, 1996

(Rating Scale 1-5; 5 is highest)

Workshop helped me understand the roles and responsibilities of mentors 4.5

I am able to identify the 4 tasks of mentoring 4.5

Workshop helped me understand stages of mentor/mentee relationships. 4.5

I understand the process of recruiting, training and retaining mentors 4.5

The amount of time allotted for this workshop 4.5

The handouts and other written materials 4.8

The techniques used for presenting information (Lecture, discussion, group activities, tests, etc.) 4.8

The clarity of the information presented 4.8

The workshop instructor’s knowledge of the subject 4.9

The relevance of the information presented to your work. 5.0

Overall, how satisfied were you with this workshop. 4.8

Average overall rating for effectiveness in imparting knowledge 4.5

Average overall rating for level of satisfaction with workshop 4.7


E. Workshop Session on Evaluation, Inputs, Proximate Outcomes and Outcomes, January, 1997

(Rating Scale 1-5; 5 is highest)

Discussion of tasks and outcomes as they relate to workplan 4.5

Logic Models: Sites charted their activities on individual presentation boards 4.6

Sites gave feedback to each other’s presentations 4.6

Session gave participants a clear understanding of what activities (my) site needs to complete in order to be successful with this project 4.3

5. See for example, the ratings in note 4, Ibid.

6. Kien Lee, op.cit.

7. Ibid.

8. Lynn A. Curtis and Fred R. Harris, The Millennium Breach op.cit.

9. Tapes are available from the Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation on request.

10. Lisbeth B. Schorr with Daniel Schorr, Within Our Reach: Breaking the Cycle of Disadvantage (New York: Doubleday, 1988).

11. Kien Lee, op.cit.

12. John G. Hayes, et al., op.cit.


Chapter 6

1. See the workshop ratings summarized in Chapter 5, note 4.

2. Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, To Establish Justice, To Insure Domestic Tranquility, op.cit.

3. Jacques Steinberg with Edward Wyatt, "Boola, Boola: E-Commerce Comes to the Quad," News of the Week in Review, New York Times, February 13, 2000.

4. Cindy Loose, "N-Va. Billionaire Envisions Cyber-U," Washington Post, March 15, 2000, p. A1.

5. Development Training Institute, FYI: A Quarterly Publication from the Development Training Institute, Issue 1, Winter 2000.

6. Bill Alexander, "On and Off the Wagon, America’s Promise at Two," YouthToday, July/August, 1999; Reid Abelson, "Charity Led by General Powell Comes Under Heavy Fire, Accused of Inflating Results," New York Times, October 8, 1999.

7. James Ridgeway, "Heritage on the Hill," Nation, September 2, 1997.

8. Fred R. Harris and Lynn A. Curtis, Locked in the Poorhouse, op.cit.

9. Ibid.

10. Andrew L. Shapiro, "The Net That Binds: Using Cyberspace To Create Real Communities," Nation, June 21, 1999, pp. 11-15; Washington Post, "A Wider Net," Washington Post, July 13, 1999, p. A18.

11. Figure 3 is based mostly on David Callahan, op.cit.


Chapter 7

1. See Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, Youth Investment and Community Reconstruction (Washington, DC: Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, 1990); Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, Final Report on a Multi-Site Replication of the South Bronx Argus Learning for Living Center (Washington, DC: Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, 1998); and Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, Youth Investment and Police Mentoring, Second Edition (Washington, DC: Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, 2000).

2. The Argus job training and placement replications for out-of-school youth are reported in: Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, Final Report of A Multi-Site Replication of the South Bronx Argus Learning for Living Center (Washington, DC: Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation 1998). Argus was replicated in two new locations -- Des Moines, IA and Washington, DC. In each city, three cohorts of participants were compared to cohorts of similar youth not in the program. For cohort 1, the program participants in both sites were more likely to be employed and earned higher wages than the comparison youth. For cohorts 2 and 3, the program youth in Washington, DC were less likely to use drugs over time than their counterparts. In Des Moines, the program youth from cohorts 2 and 3 were less likely to use drugs, get arrested, or to rely on public assistance over time. Taken together, these findings supported the Argus program model.

The first and second generations of programs that sought to replicate the notion of youth safe havens that share the same space with police ministations are reported in Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, Youth Investment and Police Mentoring, Second Edition (Washington, DC: Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, 2000). The first generation replication sites were San Juan, Philadelphia, Boston, Chicago and Baltimore. In San Juan, Philadelphia, Boston and Chicago, a quasi-experimental evaluation design showed that serious "Index" crime reported by the F.B.I. declined by at least twenty-two percent and at most twenty-seven percent over a minimum of three years. Across the four cities, the decline in the four target neighborhoods was significantly greater statistically than for either the surrounding precincts or their cities as a whole. In Baltimore, a quasi-experimental design showed that program youth had less high risk behavior, less alcohol use, less drug use, less self-reported delinquency and better coping skills than comparison youth over eighteen months. The differences were statistically significant.

The second generation replication sites were San Juan, Columbia, (SC), Memphis, Baltimore, Little Rock and Washington, DC. A process and outcome evaluation demonstrated the three year replications were successful in implementing the basic principles of the program, developing youth, improving grades, reducing drug involvement, reducing serious crime community-wide in tough neighborhoods and improving the quality of life. The degree of successful implementation and the number and degree of positive outcomes varied by site. Serious crime reported to the police declined in all six target neighborhoods. The three sites where we were able to complete youth surveys (Columbia, Memphis and Baltimore) showed a number of statistically significant findings -- like less use of drugs and alcohol by program youth versus comparison youth in Memphis and Baltimore. The findings reinforced the conclusion in a recent best practices guide to the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development that safe haven-ministations should be considered a national model. See Center for Visionary Leadership, A Guide to Best Practices (Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 1998).

3. See the evaluation findings summarized in note 2.

4. Andrew Hahn, Quantum Opportunities Program: A Brief on the QOP Pilot Program (Waltham, MA: Center for Human Resources, Heller Graduate School, Brandeis University, 1995).

5. Steven Glass, "Don’t You D.A.R.E., The New Republic, March 3, 1997, p. 19.

6. For a critique of such ideology, see Herbert J. Gans, The War Against the Poor (New York: Basic Books, 1995). Also see Fred R. Harris and Lynn A. Curtis, Locked in the Poorhouse, op.cit.

7. National Research Council, Losing Generations: Adolescents in High-Risk Settings, Panel on High Risk Youth, Committee on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1993).

8. The Eisenhower Foundation draws on the guidelines of National Research Council, Ibid, but proceeds beyond, based on lessons learned from street-level experience.

9. Kenneth Powell and Darnell F. Hawkins, Editors, "Youth Violence Prevention: Descriptions and Baseline Data from 13 Evaluation Projects," American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Supplement to Volume 12, Number 5, September/October 1996; James C. Howell, Editor, Guide for Implementing the Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent and Chronic Juvenile Offenders (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, June, 1995).

10. Lynn A. Curtis and Fred R. Harris, The Millennium Breach, op.cit.

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid.

13. See Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, Youth Investment and Police Mentoring, op.cit.

14. Carnegie Corporation of New York, A Matter of Time: Risk and Opportunity in the Non School Hours (New York: Carnegie Corporation, 1992).

15. Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, Youth Investment and Police Mentoring, op.cit.

16. Fred R. Harris and Lynn A. Curtis, Locked in the Poorhouse, op.cit., c. 8.

17. George Gerbner, "Reclaiming Our Cultural Methodology," In Context, Number 38, 1994, pp. 40-42.

18. Lisbeth B. Schorr with Daniel Schorr, Within Our Reach: Breaking the Cycle of Disadvantaged (New York: Double Day, 1988).

19. Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, To Establish Justice, To Insure Domestic Tranquility, op.cit.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid.

22. Ibid.

23. Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, Youth Investment and Community Reconstruction, op.cit.

24. Ibid.

25. Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, Youth Investment and Police Mentoring, op.cit.

26. Lynn A. Curtis and Fred R. Harris, The Millennium Breach, op.cit.

27. Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, Youth Investment and Police Mentoring, op.cit.

28. Lynn A. Curtis and Fred R. Harris, The Millennium Breach, op.cit.

29. Ibid.

30. Vince Stehle, op.cit.

31. Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, Youth Investment and Community Reconstruction, op.cit.

32. Ibid.

33. Lynn A. Curtis and Fred R. Harris, The Millennium Breach, op.cit.

34. Ibid.

35. Ibid.

36. E. J. Dionne, Jr., "Fair Deal for the Poor," Washington Post, May 9, 2000, p. A31; Francis Fox Piven, "Welfare Movement Rises," Nation, May 8, 2000, p. 4.


Chapter 8

1. Pablo Eisenberg, "The Community Development Movement," Shelterforce, forthcoming.