1.National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence, To Establish Justice, To Insure Domestic Tranquility (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969), p. xix.

2.Ibid, p. xxi.

3.Ibid. p. xxii.

4.Ibid, pp. xxv.

5.Ibid, p. xxvii.

6.Ibid, p. xxii.

7.Ibid, p. xxiv.

8.John Herbers, "Violence Panel Bids U.S. Combat Causes of Unrest," New York Times, December 13, 1969, p. A1.

9.Citations for these trends are found in Sections 2 and 3.

10.Citations for these trends are found in Section 2. Also see the tables in Appendix 5.

1.Unless cited otherwise, Chapter 2 is based on Elliott Currie, "American Violence Since the Commission: Regaining Perspective," chapter prepared for this 30 year update. The chapter will be published in its entirety in the separate book to be released in 2000. See Chapter 1.

2.Donald J. Mulvihill and Melvin M. Tumin with Lynn A. Curtis, Crimes of Violence, A Task Force Report Submitted to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969), p. xxvii.

3.The homicide trends by age are from Federal Bureau of Investigation, Homicide Rates by Age, 1970-1998, at October, 1999.

4.U.S. homicide rates are from the Centers for Disease Control, Final Report of National Mortality Statistics, 1996 (Rockville, MD, 1998). The English figures are from the World Health Organization, World Health Statistics, 1996 (Geneva, Switzerland, 1998), various pages.

5.Bob Herbert, "Addicted to Violence," New York Times, April 22, 1999, p. A31; Josh Sugarman, "Aiming Too Low," Washington Post, August 2, 1999, p. A19.

6.E. J. Dionne, Jr., "America the Violent," Washington Post, September 21, 1999, p. A19

7.Incarceration rates are from the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prisoners in 1995 (Washington, DC, 1997). The robbery figures are from the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Uniform Crime Reports, various years.

8.For a general discussion of recent research on the effects of incapacitation, see Elliott Currie, Crime and Punishment in America (New York, Metropolitan Books, 1998), Chapter 2.

9.Jeffrey A. Roth, "Understanding and Preventing Violence," in Research in Brief (Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, 1994); Richard A. Mendel, Prevention or Pork? A Hard Look at Youth-Oriented Anti-Crime Programs (Washington, DC: American Youth Policy Forum, 1995).

10.New York Times editorial, "The Drug War Backfires," March 13, 1999; Barry McCaffrey, The National Drug Control Strategy (Washington, D.C.: Office of National Drug Control Policy, 1997), p. 21.

11.Doris L. MacKenzie and Clair Souryal, Multiple Evaluation of Shock Incarceration (Washington, DC; National Institute of Justice, 1994).

12.Timothy Egan, "Less Crime, More Criminals," New York Times, March 7, 1999, p.1.

13.Robert Suro, "More Is Spent on New Prisons Than Colleges," Washington Post, February 24, 1997; Beatrix Hamburg, "President's Report," Annual Report, 1996 (New York: William T. Grant Foundation, 1997).

14.John Atlas and Peter Drier, A National Housing Agenda for the 1990s, (Washington, DC: National Housing Institute, 1992); Lynn A. Curtis, Family, Employment and Reconstruction (Milwaukee: Families International, Inc., 1995); and Sentencing Project, Crime Rates and Incarceration: Are We Any Safer? (Washington, DC: Sentencing Project, l992).

15.E. Fuller Torrey and Mary T Zdanowicz, "The Institutionalization Hasn't Worked," Washington Post, July 9, 1999; New York Times editorial, "Prison and Mental Hospitals", New York Times, September 7, 1999.

16.Marc Mauer, Race to Incarcerate (New York: The New Press, 1999); Mark Mauer, Young Black Men and the Criminal Justice System (Washington, DC: Sentencing Project, 1990); Mark Mauer, Intended and Unintended Consequences: State Racial Disparities in Imprisonment (Washington, DC: Sentencing Project, 1997); and Vivien Stern, The Future of A Sin (Boston; Northeastern University Press, 1998).

17.Milton Freidman, "There's No Justice in the War on Drugs," New York Times, January 11, 1998.

18.Dora Nevares-Muniz, "Hispanics, Youth, the Commission and the Present," chapter prepared for this 30 year update. The chapter will be published in its entirety in the separate book to be released in 2000. See Chapter 1.

19.Elliott Currie, Crime and Punishment in America (New York: Metropolitan Books, 1998); Washington Post editorial, "Crack Sentences Revisited," Washington Post, May 5, 1997.

20.JoAnne Page, "Prison," chapter prepared for this 30 year update. The chapter will be published in its entirety in the separate book to be released in 2000. See Chapter 1.

21.James Brooke, "Prisons: Growth Industry for Some," New York Times, November 2, 1997. Also see Steven R. Donziger, The Real War on Crime: Report of the National Criminal Justice Commission (New York: Harper Collins, 1996).

22.Page, op. cit.

23.Jayson Blair, "Police Official Blames News Coverage for Murder Increase," New York Times, October 9, 1999.

24.Richard Moran, "New York Story: More Luck Than Policing," New York Times, February 9, 1997, p. C3; Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, Youth Investment and Police Mentoring (Washington, DC, Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, 1998).

25.Center for Community Change, Newsletter (Issue 19, Fall 1997); Federal Register, Volume 64, Number 105, Wednesday June 2, 1999; Alan Okagaki, Developing a Public Policy Agenda on Jobs (Washington, D.C.: Center for Community Change, 1997); Jerry Jones, Federal Revenue Policies That Work: A Blueprint for Job Creation to Support Welfare Reform (Washington, D.C.: Center for Community Change, 1997); and William Julius Wilson, When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor (New York: Knopf, 1996).

26.On the possible effects of rising employment, especially for youth, see Currie, Crime and Punishment in America, op. cit., Conclusion.

27.National Center for Children in Poverty, Columbia University, Young Children in Poverty (New York: National Center for Children in Poverty, March, 1998).

28.Jeff Faux, "Lifting All Boats," chapter prepared for this 30 year update. The chapter will be published in its entirety in the separate book to be released in 2000. See Chapter 1.

29.Peter Edelman, "Who Is Worrying About the Children?" Washington Post, August 11, 1999, p. A18.

30.On the relations between crack and violence, see, for example, Alfred Blumstein, "Youth Violence, Guns, and the Illicit Drug Industry," Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 86, 1995, pp. 10-36: Eric Baumer, Janet L. Lauritsen, Richard Rosenfeld and Richard Wright, "The Influence of Crack Cocaine on Robbery, Burglary and Homicide Rates: A Cross-City, Longitudinal Analysis," Journal of Research on Crime and Delinquency, Vol. 35, No. 3, August 1998, pp. 316-340.

31.Mulvihill and Tumin with Curtis, op. cit., p. xxvii.

1.Unless otherwise noted, Chapter 3 is based on Paul Jargowsky, "Has the Commission's City of the Future Come to Pass?" a chapter for this update. The chapter will be published in its entirety in the separate book to be released in 2000. See Chapter 1.

2.National Violence Commission, op. cit., pp. 44-45.

3.Sophie Body-Gendrot, "An Outsider's Understanding of American Violence: Tocqueville Revisited," chapter prepared for this 30 year update. The chapter will be published in its entirety in the separate book to be released in 2000. See Chapter 1.

4.National Violence Commission, op. cit., p. 36.

5.A recent contribution to this literature is Thomislav V. Kovandzic, et al., "The Structural Covariates of Urban Homicide: Reassessing the Impact of Income Inequality and Poverty in the post-Reagan Era," Criminology 36: 569-599. Also see Lauren J. Krivo and Ruth D. Peterson, "Extremely Disadvantaged Neighborhoods and Urban Crime," Social Forces 75: 619-650. In addition, see Edward S. Shihadeh and Graham C. Ousey, "Metropolitan Expansion and Black Social Dislocation: The Link Between Suburbanization and Center-City Crime," Social Forces 75: 649-666.

6.National Violence Commission, op. cit., p. 48.

7.See Fred R. Harris and Lynn A. Curtis, eds., Locked in the Poorhouse (Lanham, New York and Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield, 1998).

8.Fred R. Harris and Laura Harris, "Native Americans Youth, The Commission and the Present," chapter prepared for this 30 year update. The chapter will be published in its entirety in the separate book to be released in 2000. See Chapter 1.

9.Nevares-Muniz, op. cit.

10.Gary Orfield, "Segregated Housing and School Desegregation," in Gary Orfield, Susan E. Eaton and the Harvard Project on School Desegregation, Dismantling Desegregation: The Quiet Reversal of Brown vs. Board of Education (New York: New Press, 1996).

11.Kevin Phillips, The Politics and Rich and Poor (New York: Random House, 1990); Jason DeParle, "Richer Rich, Poorer Poor, and a Fatter Green Book," New York Times, May 26, 1991; Lynn A. Curtis, Family, Employment and Reconstruction. op. cit.; U.S. Census, Historical Poverty Tables (Washington, DC: U.S. Census, 1997); Children's Defense Fund, The State of America's Children (Washington, DC: Children's Defense Fund, 1994); and Felicity Baringer, "Rich-Poor Gulf Widens Among Blacks, New York Times, Sept. 25, 1992.

12.Doug Henwood, "The Nation Indicators," Nation, March 29, 1999, p. 10; Alan Wolfe, "The New Politics of Inequality," New York Times, September 22, 1999, p. A27.

13.Keith Bradsher, "Gap in Wealth in U.S. Called Widest in West," New York Times, April 17, 1995; Edward N. Wolff, Top Heavy (New York: The New Press, 1995); New York Times editorial "The Tide Is Not Lifting Everyone," New York Times, September 30, 1997; and Glenn C. Loury, "Unequalized," New Republic, April 6, 1998.

14.Alan Wolfe, op. cit.

15.Jargowsky, op. cit., 1999.

16.Myron Orfield. Metropolitics: A Regional Agenda for Community and Stability. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press: 1996).

17.U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, The State of Cities 1999: Third Annual Report (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 1999).

18.Orfield, op. cit., p. 4.

19.Charlie LeDuff, "A Faded Suburb Seeks to Restore Its Gilded Glory," New York Times, February 10, 1999, p. A27.

20.National Violence Commission, op. cit., p. 50.

21.Orfield, op. cit.; David Rusk, Inside Game: Winning Strategies for Saving Urban America (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1999).

22.Orfield, op. cit.

23.National Violence Commission, op. cit., p. 43.

1.Peter Applebone, "From Riots of the ?0s, A Report for a Nation with Will and Way for Healing," New York Times, May 8, 1992; Robin Toner, "Los Angeles Riots Are a Warning, Americans Fear," New York Times, June 14, 1992.

2.What do we mean by "scientific evaluation"? The National Research Council has concluded that the vast majority of programs for the truly disadvantaged and the inner city are not evaluated, or receive superficial evaluations that do not allow conclusions to be drawn on whether the program actually worked. By contrast, the Eisenhower Foundation's standards for scientific evaluation are as follows:

3.Urban Institute, Confronting the Nation's Urban Crisis: From Watts (1965) to South Central Los Angeles (Washington, DC; Urban Institute, 1992); William J. Cunningham, "Enterprise Zones," Testimony before the Committee on Select Revenue Measures, Committee on Ways and Means, United States House of Representatives, July 11, 1991; Tom Furlong, "Enterprise Zone in L.A. Fraught with Problems," Los Angeles Times, May 19, 1992; "Reinventing America," Business Week, January 19, 1993; "Not So EZ," Economist, January 28, 1989; and "Job Training Partnership Act: Youth Pilot Projects," Federal Register, April 13, 1994.

4.Joy G. Dryfoos, Safe Passage (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998).

5.Pam Belluck, "Urban Volunteers Strain to Reach Fragile Lives," New York Times, April 27, 1997, p. A1; James Bennett, "At Volunteerism Rally, Leaders Paint Walls and a Picture of Need," New York Times, April 27, 1997, p. A1; Bill Alexander, "On and Off the Wagon: America's Promise At Two," Youth Today, July/August, 1999; Reed Abelson, "Charity Led by General Powell Comes Under Heavy Fire, Accused of Inflating Results," New York Times, October 8, 1999.

6.See note 2 for this chapter on our definition of "scientific evaluation."

7.Lisbeth B. Schorr, "Helping Kids When It Counts," Washington Post, April 30, 1997; Committee for Economic Development, Children in Need; Investment Strategies for the Educationally Disadvantaged (New York: Committee for Economic Development, 1987).

8.Jodi Wilgoren, "Toddling Off to Preschool," New York Times, October 31, 1999, p. wk4.

9.Carnegie Corporation, A Matter of Time (New York: Carnegie Corporation, 1992). The Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, Youth Investment and Police Mentoring (Washington, DC: Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, 1998).

10.Ibid.

11.Cynthia L. Sipe, Mentoring. (Philadelphia: Public/Private Ventures, 1996).

12.See Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, Youth Investment and Police Mentoring, op cit. Also see Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, Capacity Building and Replication (Washington, DC: Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, 2000).

13.James P. Comer, Waiting for a Miracle (New York: Dutton, 1997).

14.Joy G. Dryfoos, Safe Passage, op. cit.;Robert D. Felner et al., "The Impact of School Reform for the Middle Years," Phi Delta Kappa, March, 1997, 528-50.

15.Andrew Hahn, Quantum Opportunities Program: A Brief on the QOP Pilot Program (Waltham, Mass.: Center for Human Resources, Heller Graduate School, Brandeis University, 1995).

16.Barbara Miner. "Target: Public Education," Nation, November 30, 1998, p.4.

17.Jonathan Kozol, "Saving Public Education," Nation, Feb. 17, 1997.

18.Lynn A. Curtis and Fred R. Harris, eds., The Millennium Breach. (Washington, DC: Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, 1998); Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, Final Report to the U.S. Department of Labor on the Replication of the Argus Lessons for Living Program. (Washington, DC: Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, 1998).

19.Ibid.

20.Ibid.

21.Ibid.

22.Ibid.

23.Ibid.

24.Michael Quint. "This Bank Can Turn a Profit and Follow a Social Agenda." New York Times, May 24, 1992.

25.Lynn A. Curtis and Fred R. Harris, The Millennium Breach, op. cit.

26.Michael Janofsky, "Police Chiefs Say Criticism Is Founded, and Vow to Regain the Public Trust," New York Times, April 10, 1999; Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, Youth Investment and Police Mentoring, op. cit.

27.Lisbeth Schorr. Within Our Reach: Breaking the Cycle of Disadvantage (New York: Doubleday, 1988).

28.This policy is fully articulated in Fred R. Harris and Lynn A. Curtis, eds., Locked in the Poorhouse, op. cit.

29.Dorothy Stoneman, "Replicating YouthBuild," presentation at the National U.S. Senate Conference on Locked in the Poorhouse, Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, Washington, DC (forthcoming, 2000).

30.Unless otherwise cited, this section is based on Faux, op. cit.

31.William Drayton, "Don't Fear Putting More People to Work", Los Angeles Times, June 30, 1999.

32.Most of these recommendations are based on Elliott Currie, Crime and Punishment in America, op. cit.

33.Jerome H. Skolnick and Abigail Caplovitz, "Policing and Its Discontents", chapter prepared for this 30 year update. The chapter will be published in its entirety in the separate book to be released in 2000. See Chapter 1.

34.Ibid.

35.Mimi Silbert, "Delancey Street Foundation," in Frank Riesman and Alan Gratner, eds, Self-Help Revolution. (New York: Human Services Press, 1984).

36.Christopher Wren, "Arizona Finds Cost Savings In Treating Drug Offenders," New York Times, April 21, 1999, p. A16.

37.Joseph A. Califano, Jr. "Crime and Punishment -- and Treatment, Too, Washington Post, February 8, 1998, p. C7.

1.This total has several components, as discussed in more detail in Fred R. Harris and Lynn A. Curtis, eds., Locked in the Poorhouse, op.cit.

$7 billion per year is the estimated cost for expanding the existing Head Start preschool program to all eligible poor children.

$15 billion per year for replication of successful public inner-city school reform initiatives is based on estimates by Joy Dryfoos that roughly 15,000 schools in the United States serve disadvantaged urban youth, children and teenagers; that the average number of students per school is about 1,000; and that the average cost per student to implement reforms that work is about $1,000.

$1 billion per year is a conservative estimate for funding, technically assisting and evaluating safe haven-type and Quantum Opportunities-type replications for a fraction of the children, youth, and teenagers who would benefit from them.

$4.5 billion per year for job training reform modeled after the Argus Community would allow training each year for a fraction of the 2,000,000-plus inner-city unemployed who need it.

$1 billion per year for a National Community Development Bank is expected to generate a fraction of the 1,000,000 new private jobs that is our goal for the inner city. $5 billion per year for 250,000 public sector construction and urban repair jobs each year is based on estimates in United States Conference of Mayors, Ready to Go: New Lists of Transportation and Community Development Projects (Washington, DC: United States Conference of Mayors, 1993). $20 billion per year for 1,000,000 public service jobs is based on a minimum wage that averages to $20,000 per year, with benefits and administrative expenses. This is somewhat higher than the average assumed in Richard McGahey, Estimating the Economic Impact of a Public Jobs Program (Washington, DC: Center for Community Change, 1997).

$2.5 billion per year is based primarily on estimates for expanding Delancey Street and other proven ex-offender, drug treatment, remedial education and job training programs for a fraction of those who need it, as calculated in Joseph A. Califano, Jr., "Crime and Punishment -- And Treatment, Too," Washington Post, February 8, 1998.

2.See Fred R. Harris and Lynn A. Curtis, eds., Locked in the Poorhouse, op. cit., Mark Zepezauer and Arthur Naiman. Take the Rich Off Welfare (Tucson, Arizona: Odonian Press, 1996).

3.Richard McGahey, Estimating the Economic Impact of a Public Jobs Program (Washington, DC: Center for Community Change, 1997).

4.New York Times Editorial, "150B a Year: Where to Find It," New York Times, March 8, 1990; New York Times editorial, "Star Wars in the Twilight Zone," New York Times, June 14, 1992; New York Times editorial, Who Needs Four Air Forces?" New York Times, Nov. 30, 1992; Jeffrey R. Smith, "Two Missiles Unnecessary, Ex Chiefs Say," Washington Post, Feb. 3, 1990; and Patrick E. Tyler, "Halving Defense Budget in a Decade Suggested," Washington Post, Nov. 21, 1989.

5.Jack Shanahan, "The Best Investment the Pentagon Could Make," New York Times, September 17, 1999.

6.William Julius Wilson, "The New Social Inequality and Affirmative Opportunity." in Stanley B. Greenburg and Theda Skocpol, eds., The New Majority: Toward a Popular Progressive Politics (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997).

7.Peter Applebone, "From Riots of the ?0s, A Report for a Nation with Will and Way for Healing," New York Times, May 8, 1992; Robin Toner, "Los Angeles Riots Are a Warning, Americans Fear," New York Times, June 14, 1992.

8.Business Week, "Portrait of a Skeptical Public," Business Week, November 20, 1995.

9.Children's Partnership, Next Generation Reports. (Washington, DC: Children's Partnership, April, 1997).

10.Susan Page and W. Welch, "Poll: Don't Use Surplus to Cut Taxes." USA Today, January 9-11, 1998.

11.Faux, op. cit.

12.National Center for Children in Poverty, op. cit.

13.Jill Abramson, "Money Buys a Lot More Than Access," New York Times, November 9, 1997; Kent Cooper, Comments for the 30 Year Eisenhower Foundation Update of the Kerner Commission (Washington, DC: Center for Responsive Politics, 1998); Ruth Marcus, "Business Donations Show Money Follows the Leaders," Washington Post, November 25, 1997; Jamin B. Raskin, "Dollar Democracy," Nation, May 5, 1997; E. Joshua Rosenkranz, "Campaign Reform: The Hidden Killers," Nation, May 5, 1997; Fred Wertheimer, "Unless We Ban Soft Money," Washington Post, August 10, 1997; and Nation, "As Maine Goes..." Nation, November 29, 1999.

14.Ibid.

15.Lynn A. Curtis and Fred R. Harris, eds., The Millennium Breach, op. cit.; Tim Weiner, "A Congressman's Lament on the State of Democracy," New York Times, October 4, 1999.

16.James Ridgeway, "Heritage on the Hill," Nation, December 22, 1997.

17.Herbert J. Gans, The War Against the Poor (New York: Basic Books, 1995).

18.Robert W. McChesney, Rich Media, Poor Democracy, Urban: University of Illinois Press, 1999 (a); Robert W. McChesney, "The New Global Media, "Nation, November 29, 1999 (b). pp. 11-15.

19.Ibid

20.George Gerbner, "Reclaiming Our Cultural Mythology," In Context, (1994), pp. 40-42; George Gerbner, "Television and Violence," chapter prepared for this 30 year update. The chapter will be published in its entirety in the separate book to be released in 2000. See Chapter 1.

21.Danilo Yanich, "TV News, Crime and the City," paper presented at the annual meeting of the Urban Affairs Association, May 1995, pp. 6-7.

22. Lori Dorfman, et al., "Youth and Violence on Local Television News in California," American Journal of Public Health 87, August 1997, p. 1311-16.

23.Lawrence K. Grossman, "Why Local TV News Is So Awful," Columbia Journalism Review, November-December, 1997, p. 21.

24.Gerbner, op. cit.

25.From the Ford Foundation, www.fordfound.org.

26.Joe Holly, "Should the Coverage Fit the Crime?" Columbia Journalism Review, May-June, 1996, p. 28.

27.Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, Youth Investment and Police Mentoring, op. cit.

28.Gerbner, op. cit.

29.Fred R. Harris and Lynn A. Curtis, eds., Locked in the Poorhouse, op. cit.

30. Joan Biskupic, "In Shaping of Internet Law, First Amendment is Winning," Washington Post, September 12, 1999, p. A2

31.Lynn A. Curtis and Fred R. Harris, eds., The Millennium Breach, op. cit.; Non-Profits and Technology Journal, "Online Community To Tap for Non-profits," July, 1999, p. 1; Andrew L. Shapiro, The Net That Binds: Using Cyberspace to Create Real Communities," Nation, June 21, 1999, pp. 11-15; Washington Post, "A Wider Net," Washington Post, July 13, 1999, p. A18.

32.Frank Swoboda, "AFL-CIO to Offer Access To Internet for Members," Washington Post, October 11, 1999, p. A8.

33. New York Times editorial, "Bill Gates Shares the Wealth," New York Times, September 20, 1999, p. A20.

34.AOL Foundation, AOLGrants@AOL.com, "Bridging the Digital Divide: Request for Proposals."

35.Nevares-Muniz, op. cit; Jorge Klor de Alva and Cornel West, "Our Next Race Question: The Uneasiness between Blacks and Latinos," in Antonia Darder and Rodolfo D. Torres, The Latino Studies Reader: Culture, Economy and Society (Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers, 1998): 180-190, pp. 186, 189.

1.Unless noted otherwise, this chapter is based on: McChesney, 1999 (a) op. cit.; McChesney, 1999 (b), op. cit.; and personal communication from Robert W. McChesney, October 29, 1999 (c).

2.National Violence Commission, op. cit., p. 204.

3.National Violence Commission, op. cit., p. 202-203.

4.Michael Massing, "The Liberals Just Don't Get It," Washington Post, July 4, 1999, p. B1

1.Unless noted otherwise, this chapter is based on Shannon Frattaroli and Stephen P. Teret, "Firearms and Violence," chapter prepared for this 30 year update. The chapter will be published in its entirety in the separate book to be released in 2000. See Chapter 1.

2.Fred Graham and Hugh Davis Graham, Foreword, chapter prepared for this 30 year update. The full chapter is found here as Appendix 4 and will be republished in the separate book to be released in 2000.

3.This section is based on Frattaroli and Teret, op. cit., and Graham and Graham op. cit.

4.Philip J. Cook and Jens Ludwig, Guns in America: Results of a Comprehensive National Survey on Firearms Ownership and Use (Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, 1997).

5.Stephen P. Teret, et al., "Support for New Policies to Regulate Firearms: Results of Two National Surveys," New England Journal of Medicine, September 17, 1998, pp. 813-818.

6.Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms. Unpublished data, 1999.

7.Federal Bureau of Investigation, Uniform Crime Reports for the United States, 1997 (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 1998).

8.Garen J. Wintemute, Ring of Fire: The Handgun Makers of Southern California (Sacramento: Violence Prevention Research Program, 1994); Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, The Youth Crime Gun Interdiction Initiative, Crime Gun Trade Analysis Reports: The Illegal Youth Firearms Markets in 27 Communities (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1999).

9.Trudy A. Karlson and Stephen W. Hargarten, Reducing Firearm Injury and Death: A Public Health Sourcebook on Guns (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1997).

10.Garen J. Wintemute, Advertising Firearms as Protection (Sacramento: Violence Prevention Research Program, 1995); Jon S. Vernick, Stephen P. Teret and Daniel W. Webster, "Regulating Firearm Advertisements that Promise Home Protection: A Public Health Intervention," Journal of the American Medical Association, May 7, 1997.

11.This section is based on Frattaroli and Teret, op. cit.

12.Sugarman, op. cit.

13.This section is based on Frattaroli and Teret, op. cit.

14.E. J. Dionne, Jr., "NRA Defeat," Washington Post, April 16, 1999, p. A29.

15.Rene Sanchez, "With Aid of GOP Converts, Gun Control Sweeps State," Washington Post October 23, 1999, p. A1.

16.Garen J. Wintemute, "Firearms as a Cause of Death in the United States, 1920-1982," Journal of Trauma, May 1987, 532-536.

17.Stephen P. Teret, Greg R. Alexander and Linda A. Bailey, "The Passage of Maryland's Gun Law; Data and Advocacy for Injury Prevention," Journal of Public Health Policy, Spring 1990, 26-38.

18.New York Times editorial, "Guns, Televison and Minorities" New York Times, July 14, 1999, p. A22.

19.Stephen P. Teret, "Litigating for the Public's Health," American Journal of Public Health, August 1986, 1027-1029.

20.Hamilton v. AccuTek, et al., 1999 U.S. Dist. Lexis 8264 (E.D.N.Y.)

21.Sugarman, op. cit.

22.Ibid.

23.Unless otherwise noted, this section is based on Frattaroli and Teret, op.cit.

24.Sanchez, op. cit.

1.Sophie Body-Gendrot, op. cit.

2.Alan Wolfe, op. cit.

3.Jeff Faux, "The Economic Case for a Politics of Inclusion," paper prepared for the Eisenhower Foundation's 30^th Anniversary Update of the Kerner Riot Commission (Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute, 1998); Jeff Faux, "You Are Not Alone," in Stanley B. Greenberg and Theda Skoopol, eds., The New Majority: Toward a Popular Progressive Politics (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1997); and John Jeter, "Cities, Oldest Suburbs Becoming Allies," Washington Post, February 22, 1998.

4.Sean Wilentz, "For Voters, the 60's Never Died," New York Times, November 16, 1999, p. A 31.

5.Albert H. Cantril and Susan Davis Cantril, Reading Mixed Signals: Ambivalence in American Public Opinion About Government (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999); David Broder, "Voters of Two Minds," Washington Post, September 26, 1999, p. B7.

6. National Violence Commission, op. cit., p. xxxii.

7. Burns, op. cit.